The Physics Foundation: Light, Energy, and Thermodynamics At the heart of light’s behavior lies thermodynamics. Boltzmann’s constant, *k*, links microscopic particle energy to macroscopic temperature, expressed through ℏ = (3/2)kT—governing kinetic energy in ideal gases. This statistical framework reveals how thermal motion dictates electron interactions, shaping how light excites and scatters within matter. At the …
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